All JavaScript programming happens in an environment like a web browser, Node, or Bun.js. Each of these environments has its own set of pre-defined variables like window and console.

Scope in JavaScript refers to context (or portion) of the code which determines the accessibility (visibility) of variables. In JavaScript, we have two types of scope, local , and global.

JavaScript vulnerabilities are on the rise in India with the entry of HTML5 and faster JavaScript engines. Here are some key problem areas along with antidotes.