As seen in earlier articles, the only two possible states of information for digital electronics are true and false. Be it an electric current, a numeric datum, or a variable of any kind, the system’s ...

Aristotle's logic provides the foundation for the dialectical theory of change. The term contradiction is one we will return to in explaining dialectics, and also organisational science and systems ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract A propositional system of modal logic is second-order if it contains quantifiers ∀p and ∃p, which, in the standard interpretation, are ...

when thinking about logical agents, we imagine that the agent has a knowledge base (KB for short) that contains logical sentences that describe the state of the world you could think of a KB as a ...

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Epistemic logic constitutes a rigorous framework for representing and reasoning about knowledge and belief. Central to this discipline is the formalisation of how agents acquire, retain and attribute ...