For latent variable problems, we introduce the notion of a fuzzy p-value as having the conditional distribution of the latent p-value given the observed data, where the latent p-value is the random ...

P. Todorovic, On Some Problems Involving Random Number of Random Variables, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Jun., 1970), pp. 1059-1063 ...

By using one of the common stock probability distribution methods of statistical calculations, an investor may determine the likelihood of profits from a holding.

A key observation is that these properties are closely related to the relevance and exclusion requirements of valid instrumental variables. We design a data-driven procedure to select tuples of ...