All systems can be understood using an input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system we call “innovation” is no exception. This model is likely familiar to you from information technology ...

This input-process-output mechanism is called neural network feed-forward. Understanding the feed-forward mechanism is required in order to create a neural network that solves difficult practical ...

Systems approach: input (sensors like thermostats), process (microcontrollers), output (actuators like heaters). Feedback ensures accuracy and stability.