Conventional NOx sensors do not have sufficient robustness or heat resistance in the harsh environment of engine exhaust gases. To solve this problem, a multi-chamber sensor that uses a solid oxide ...

To avoid that, when the knock sensor detects a detonation, the ECU will rapidly alter the parameters to avoid them. If the sensor fails to work, the ECU will still play it safe by “detuning ...

Furthermore, the Virtual NOx sensor is successfully applied as substitute for the physical NOx sensor as input to the air path controller over a transient cycle. These validation results demonstrate ...