Hall effect sensors output a voltage that varies in proportion to the presence of a magnetic field, which is typically provided by a nearby magnet.

The solution is to add hall effect sensors to the motor. [Robert] did all that, tested all the 36 combinations of hall effect and coil wiring, and it STILL didn’t work.

Even with Hall Effect sensors, I found that sometimes small movements would not be picked up by the controller —sometimes to catastrophic in-game results.

Journal Reference Ruggeri J., Ausserlechner U., et al. (2025). Inverted pyramid 3-axis silicon Hall-effect magnetic sensor with offset cancellation. Microsystems & Nanoengineering 11, 26.